The first on the list is the deadly quail disease, otherwise known as Ulcerative Enteritis. It was caused by Clostridium colinum and characterized by ulcers of the intestines and caecae. It can start suddenly and cause high mortality i.e., 100% in quail and 10% in chickens. Turkeys, game birds and pigeons may also be affected. The condition occurs worldwide and the route of infection is oral and transmission is from faeces of sick or carrier birds or via flies. It can also be transmitted by flies that have been in contact with other sick birds. Ulcerative Enteritis is an acute, highly contagious disease of chickens and quail caused by the bacterium. The bacterium resists boiling for 3 minutes. Predisposing factors include Coccidiosis (especially E. necatrix, E. tenella, and E. brunetti), IBDV and overcrowding. While chickens, turkeys, and other birds can contract quail disease, this disease is nicknamed after the quail. 

Symptoms are Listlessness, Retracted neck, Drooping wings, partially closed eyes, ruffled feathers, Diarrhoea, Anaemia and Watery white faeces (quail). A presumptive diagnosis may be made on history and lesions. Confirmation is on absence of other diseases and isolation of Cl. colinum in anaerobic conditions (the agent is often present in pure culture in liver). Differentiate from histomonosis ('Blackhead'), necrotic enteritis, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, trichomoniasis. Once the disease has taken hold, it moves fast. Most quail will not survive the disease, but if caught quickly, we may be able to prevent the spread and treat birds in the early stages. Treatment consists of Streptomycin (44 gm/100 litres water), Bacitracin, Tetracyclines, penicillin (50-100 ppm in feed), amoxycillin, multivitamins. Response to treatment should occur in 48 to 96 hours. Treat for coccidiosis if this is a factor.

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