All medical research is carefully planned, and this includes medical research with animals. Experts who review a scientist’s proposed experiment involving animals weigh several considerations before approving each study. The most important thing is that the research must be relevant to human or animal health. Studies need to protect the animals’ welfare. That means that only the fewest number of the most appropriate species may be used. Under federal law, all animals must be treated humanely and undergo the least distress possible.

Medical researchers who have Ph.D., D.V.M., or M.D. degrees oversee animal research studies. These scientists study animals because they are a lot like people when it comes to basic body functions like breathing, eating, hearing, and seeing. That’s because nature is extremely economical. Throughout vast evolutionary time—from bacteria to plants to people—the same biological processes are recycled over and over. Veterinarians with specialized training in laboratory animal medicine are an integral part of a medical research team. As part of this research group, veterinarians assure the humane treatment of animals and provide medical and surgical support throughout research studies. Emergency veterinary care for research animals is available on a 24-hour basis.

Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. Many of these experiments cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer then experimenting on animals produces serious moral problems. Animal experimenters are very aware of this ethical problem and acknowledge that experiments should be made as humane as possible. They also agree that it's wrong to use animals if alternative testing methods would produce equally valid results. The case for animal experiments is that they will produce such great benefits for humanity that it is morally acceptable to harm a few animals. The equivalent case against is that the level of suffering and the number of animals involved are both so high that the benefits to humanity don't provide moral justification.

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