Cryoablation for cancer is a treatment to kill cancer cells with extreme cold.

During cryoablation, a thin, wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the same treatment session. A probe containing an extremely cold fluid is placed inside/on the area to be treated and the tumor (or abnormal growth) is frozen.  Cryotherapy can be performed during open (fully invasive) surgery or the probes can be inserted through the skin in a minimally invasive procedure. The liquid does not enter the tumor, but the rod is cold enough to freeze the tumor. Cryoprobes are positioned adjacent to the target in such a way that the freezing process will destroy the diseased tissue. Once the probes are in place, the attached cryogenic freezing unit removes heat from ("cools") the tip of the probe and by extension from the surrounding tissues.

Cryoablation for cancer may be used when surgery isn't an option. Cryoablation is sometimes used as a primary treatment for:

• Bone cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Eye cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Liver cancer
• Lung cancer
• Prostate cancer

Cryoablation is also used to relieve the pain and other symptoms caused by cancer that spreads to the bone (bone metastasis) or other organs.

Cryoablation for cancer may also be called percutaneous cryoablation, cryosurgery or cryotherapy.

Ablation occurs in tissue that has been frozen by at least three mechanisms:

• formation of ice crystals within cells thereby disrupting membranes, and interrupting cellular metabolism among other processes;
• coagulation of blood thereby interrupting bloodflow to the tissue in turn causing ischemia and cell death; and
• induction of apoptosis, the so-called programmed cell death cascade.

The most common application of cryoablation is to ablate solid tumors found in the lung, liver, breast, kidney and prostate. The use in prostate and renal cryoablation are the most common. Although sometimes applied in cryosurgery through laparoscopic or open surgical approaches, most often cryoablation is performed percutaneously (through the skin and into the target tissue containing the tumor) by a medical specialist, such as an interventional radiologist. The term is from cryo+ablation.

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